Problems involving trees, shrubs, and ground covers

Specific problems encountered for landscape trees, shrubs, and ground covers include:

• Irrigation and drainage — water deficit, waterlogging, excessive runoff, plugging of emitters and microsprinklers
• Water quality — salinity damages and specific-ion toxicities
• Soil quality — nutrient deficit, alkaline soil pH, aeration deficit, soil permeability, and soil compaction
• Air quality — air pollutants and toxic gases
• Herbicides — drift and phytotoxicity
• Weather-related injuries — low and high temperatures, excessive or deficient sunlight, wind, hail, and lightning
• Mechanical and construction injuries — trunk and root damages and rooting restrictions or compaction
• Multiples stresses — combination of abiotic disorders

Sample problems and corresponding diagnoses and solutions for trees, shrubs, and ground covers are as follows (choose one by clicking on a phrase of your choice):

• Plant damage resulting from salt-affected soils and saline waters
• Plant damage resulting from specific ions
• Plant damage resulting from water stress
• Plant damage resulting from poor aeration and drainage
• Plant damage caused by nutrient deficiencies
• Problems related to calcareous soil (high soil pH)
• Problems related to air pollutants
• Herbicide damage
• Temperature-related damage
• Injury resulting from sunlight
• Wind damage
• Problems resulting from construction activity or mechanical damage

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