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| Aspect Measured | What It Could Affect | Likelihood of a Salinity-Related Problem* | Average Amounts in Recycled Water | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| None | Slight to Moderate | High | Source 1** | Source 2*** | ||
| salinity expressed as ECw | plant’s available water | < 0.7 dS/m | 0.7 – 3.0 dS/m | > 3.0 dS/m | 1.27 dS/m | 1.25 dS/m |
| salinity expressed as TDS | plant’s available water | < 450 mg/l | 450 – 2,000 mg/l | > 2,000 mg/l | 712 mg/l | 729 mg/l |
| sodium via root absorption | sensitive plants | SAR < 3 | SAR of 3–9 | SAR > 9 | SAR of 4.8 | SAR of 3.9 |
| sodium via foliar absorption | sensitive plants | < 3 meq/l | > 3 meq/l | --- | 8 meq/l | 6 meq/l |
| chloride via root absorption | sensitive plants | < 4 meq/l | 4 – 10 meq/l | >10 meq/l | 4 meq/l | 5 meq/l |
| chloride via foliar absorption | sensitive plants | < 3 meq/l | >3 meq/l | --- | 4 meq/l | 5 meq/l |
| boron | sensitive plants | < 0.7 mg/l | 0.7–3.0 mg/l | > 3.0 mg/l | 0.9 mg/l | 0.5 mg/l |
* Adapted from Table 1 in Water Quality for Agriculture, FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 29, Rev. 1, by R. S. Ayers and D. W. Westcott, edition of 1994 (reprint).
** Adapted from Table 2-8 in Municipal Wastewater: Treatment and Reclaimed Water Characteristics, by T. Asano, R. G. Smith, and G. Tchobanoglous; Chapter 2 IN Irrigation With Reclaimed Municipal Wastewater: A Guidance Manual, by G. S. Pettygrove and T. Asano (editors), 1985, Lewis Publishers, Inc. Numbers shown here are averages for recycled water after “advanced treatment” — secondary treatment plus chemical coagulation as needed and filtration through sand or carbon media — from four southern California and two northern California water treatment plants.
*** Adapted from Negotiating Reclaimed Water Contracts: Agronomic Considerations, by Larry J. Stowell and Wendy Gelernter, 2001, a four-page report published by PACE Turfgrass Research Institute and available at www.paceturf.org/index.php/public/C29/. Except for TDS, numbers shown here are averages for recycled water used on six southern California golf courses (from Table 1 of the paper). For TDS, the numbers here are averages based on data from unspecified golf courses (from Table 2).
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